Lunes, 06 de Febrero del 2012

tecnosefarad

El blog de Tecnología del IES Sefarad (Toledo)

Juanelo Turriano, el artífice de lo imposible

Escrito por Tecnología Sefarad el 28 - abril - 2008

Inauguramos hoy una nueva sección en Tecnosefarad dedicada a inventores e inventos. Haremos referencia a inventos antiguos y modernos, complejos o sencillos pero en cualquier caso, geniales. Todos ellos tendrán cabida.

Y dedicaremos esta sección a todo tipo de inventores e inventos, pero especialmente a los españoles. No hemos sido un país especialmente brillante en el campo de la tecnología. Pero sí mucho más de lo que la mayoría de la gente sabe. La tecnología es también parte de la cultura y la tradición de un país que se debe conocer, valorar y practicar.

El primer personaje que presentamos es Juanelo Turriano. Algunos de vosotros habréis oído hablar de él, suponemos. Os vamos a contar algunos datos de su biografía, de su trabajo, pero sobre todo nos centraremos en la mayor y mejor obra de su genio: El Artificio.


Biografía.
No se sabe con precisión el día ni el año exacto de su nacimiento. Probablemente fue a principios del siglo XVI. Lo que sí se sabe es que nació en Italia, en la ciudad de Cremona. Tras unos años trabajando en como aprendiz en un taller de relojería en dicha ciudad se trasladó a Milán.

Juanelo reparó un famoso reloj construido un siglo antes. El encargo se lo hizo el Duque de Milán Francisco II Sforza porque quería regalárselo a Carlos V, el día en que fuera coronado emperador. Y allí fue donde Carlos V conoció a Juanelo.

Tan satisfecho quedó el emperador de este trabajo que le encargó otro, la fabricación de un reloj, el llamado Cristalino. Y a partir de entonces tomó a Turriano a su servicio mateniendo ambos una estrecha relación hasta la muerte de aquél en el monasterio de Yuste.

Juanelo continuó trabajando en la corte española a las órdenes de Felipe II. Siguió ocupándose del mantenimiento de la colección de relojes del Rey y de otros múltiples trabajos entre los que se encuentran obras de ingeniería hidráulica y las obras de construcción del Monasterio de el Escorial.

Juanelo en Toledo.
Pero, su obra más famosa y genial la realizó en Toledo. La ciudad le encargó la construcción de una máquina para subir agua hasta lo alto de la ciudad desde el río Tajo.

Las obras comenzaron en 1565 y terminaron cuatro años después. Juanelo había construido una máquina que abastecía de agua la ciudad, salvando los casi 100 metros de desnivel existente. El Artificio era capaz de subir, aprovechando la fuerza motriz de la corriente del propio río, 17.000 litros diarios, 5.000 más de lo acordado.

El Artificio se encontraba dentro de un edificio en el que vivía Juanelo, dedicado desde entonces casi en exclusiva al mantenimiento de la mostodóntica máquina. Y entonces surgió la polémica.

Los toledanos de entonces incumplieron su palabra y no pagaron a Juanelo el dinero que habían estipulado. La razón que alegaron nuestros antecesores fue que el agua llegaba hasta el Alcázar donde vivía el Rey y, por tanto, el resto de los habitantes de la ciudad no se podían aprovechar de la misma.

Así las cosas, acordaron con Juanelo la construcción de un segundo artificio y así lo hizo, pero tampoco en esta ocasión los responsables de la ciudad cumplieron su promesa.

Juanelo murió el 13 de junio de 1585 en la más absoluta de las miserias y sin ver recompensado su trabajo.

El Artificio.
Juanelo no dejó ningún dibujo ni esquema de su trabajo por lo que se desconoce como era exactamente. Han surgido varias interpretaciones al respecto una de las más aceptadas en la que hizo Ladislao Reti y que presentó en una conferencia en Toledo en el año 1967.

La máquina que él propone estaría constituida por varias torres verticales con cazos oscilantes que iban trasvasando agua entre sí hasta que ésta llegaba a la ciudad. Puede verse una maqueta de la misma en la sede de la Diputación de Toledo.

Sin embargo, hay otras versiones como la de la maqueta que está en el Centro de Intrepretación San Marcos, también en nuestra ciudad.

Y así se cuenta la historia de este tecnólogo italiano genial que vivió y murió en nuestra ciudad y en la que nos dejó el mejor legado de su arte: el Artificio que lleva su nombre.

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